10/27/2019 Slide Tutorial Rocscience
Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-1 Slope Design with Eurocode 7 Eurocode 7 is a design document that establishes rules and standards for geotechnical engineering design across Europe (BSI, 2004). Eurocode 7 represents a major change in design philosophy. Traditionally a single, lumped factor of safety accounts for all of the uncertainties in the problem.
With Eurocode 7, partial factors of safety are applied to different components of the analysis. The partial factors are applied prior to the analysis to give design values that are used in the calculation. The final result is an over-design factor, which must be greater than 1 to ensure the serviceability limit state requirement is satisfied. For more information on using Eurocode 7 in geotechnical design, see Smith (2006) and Bond and Harris (2008). This tutorial describes how to design a slope to Eurocode 7 specifications using Swedge.
The focus will be on how different design combinations are applied in the computation and what they mean. The finished model can be found in the Tutorial 07 Eurocode Design.swd data file. All tutorial files installed with Swedge can be accessed from the Swedge installation folder.
Topics Covered. Example for Design Approach 1, Combination 2. Example for Design Approach 2. Single Source Principle Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-2 Model Start the Swedge program. Once the program is open, maximize the view if it is not already maximized. Project Settings Open the Project Settings dialog from the Analysis menu or the toolbar. Select: Analysis → Project Settings Under the General tab, keep the default units, Metric, stress as MPa.
Go to the Design Standard tab. You’ll see that the current “Design Standard” is “None.” We’ll leave this setting as is, and come back later to assign different design standards. Click on “View Partial Factors.” With no design standard applied, you should see that all partial factors are set to a default of 1, which means all values used in the calculation are the exact input values. Click “Cancel” to exit the Partial Factors dialog.
Click “OK” in the Project Settings dialog to finalize the settings. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-3 Input Data Let’s use the default model for this example. The default model has a factor of safety of 0.9886. Let’s add a bolt, using the Bolt Dialog. Select: Support → Add Bolt Click on the wedge and the Bolt Properties dialog will appear.
Enter the following bolt specifications: Select “OK”. The factor of safety is now 1.0110. Design Approach 1, Combination 2 Without changing the current input data, let’s go back to the Project Settings dialog to apply a design standard.
Under the Design Standard tab, select “Eurocode 7 – Design Approach 1, Combination 2” for the Design Standard. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-4 Let’s view the Partial Factors for this Design Standard. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-5 Applying this set of partial factors means to enlarge unfavorable variable actions while to ignore favorable variable actions, and to reduce the shear strength parameters. If bolts are present, then their capacity or the resistance they provide to stabilize the slope is also reduced. Click “OK” in the Partial Factors dialog.
Click “OK” in the Project Settings dialog. The wedge should now have a factor of safety of 0.8072. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-6 Equivalent Model We can reproduce the results from Design Standard Approach 1, Combination 2, without having to use the Design Standard. Let’s first turn off the Design Standard. Go to the Project Settings dialog, and under the Design Standard tab, change the “Design Standard” to “None.” The Factor of Safety has gone back to 1.0110. To simulate the design approach, we need to apply a factor to the following parameters: 1.
Increase variable unfavorable actions by a factor of 1.3 – we do not need to anything because there are no external variable loads. Reduce the effective cohesion and the friction angle (tan(φ)) by a factor of 1.25.
Go to the Input Data dialog, and in the Joints tab, change Phi(degrees) to 29.256. Reduced Phi: Tan-1(Tan(35°)/1.25) = 29.256° Click “OK” to close the Input Data Dialog.
Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-7 3. Reduce the Tensile Capacity of all bolts. Select: Support → Edit Bolt Select the bolt and the Bolt Properties dialog will appear. Change the Capacity to 0.9091 MN (1MN/1.1=0.9091MN) The Factor of Safety should now be 0.8072, which is exactly the same as that for Design Approach 1, Combination 2.
Design Approach 2 We will use the same geometry but remove the bolt. Select: Support → Delete Bolt Click on the bolt to delete it. Set the friction angles back to 35°, and check to make sure that the Design Standard is still set to None. We will now add an external force to the model. Select: Analysis → Input Data Go to the Forces tab and enter the following data: Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-8 Select “OK.” The Factor of Safety should have decreased to 0.8562. The direction of the applied load decreases the stability of the wedge. Let’s now go to the Project Settings dialog.
Under the Design Standard tab, set the Design Standard to “Eurocode - Design Approach 2.” Click “View Partial Factors,” and you should see the following dialog. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-9 For this design standard, a partial factor is applied to the driving force of the slope weight (permanent unfavorable action), any unfavorable external force that is set to be “variable”, the joint shear strength, and the tensile capacity of any bolts. Click “OK” in the Partial Factors dialog, and then also click “OK” in the Project Settings dialog.
The Factor of Safety is now 0.7686. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-10 Equivalent Model We will construct a model to replicate the partial factors are applied in “Eurocode 7 - Design Approach 2.” Change the Design Standard to “None.” The Factor of Safety should revert to 0.8562. To simulate the design approach, we need to apply changes to the following parameters: 1. Under the Slope tab in the Input Data dialog, multiply the Rock Unit Weight by 1.35, to get 0.0351MN/m3. This has the same effect as applying a factor of 1.35 to any permanent unfavorable actions, which in this case is the driving force due to the slope weight.
However, remember that the weight has both a favorable and unfavorable action component (stabilizing and driving). We have to adhere to the “Single Source Principle” and apply only 1 factor to any actions that comes from the same source. Click “Apply” and the factor of safety changes to 0.8838. Under the Joints tab in the Input Data dialog, we need to reduce the overall joint shear strength by a factor of 1.1. This is the equivalent to reducing the Earth Resistance by a factor of 1.1. Base Joints Friction Angle: Tan-1(Tan(35°)/1.1) = 32.48° Keep in mind that this is different than reducing individual shear strength parameters.
If cohesion is present, then a factor of 1.1 is applied to the overall shear strength: Factored Shear Strength = (Normal Force x Tan(φ) + cohesion)/1.1 Click “OK” in the Input Data dialog. The Factor of Safety should now be 0.8034. We need to multiply the value of the external force by 1.5, to get 30MN. We do this because the external force is an Unfavourable Action, and is considered to be Variable.
The Factor of Safety is now 0.7686, the same as for “Eurocode – Design Approach 2.” You may access the Help system for more information on Eurocode design. To do so, click the “?” button on the top-right corner of the Design Standard tab in the Project Settings dialog. Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual Slope Design with Eurocode 7 7-11 References Bond, A. And Harris, A.
Decoding Eurocode 7, Taylor & Francis. British Standards Institution, 2004. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules, BS EN 1997-1, London, UK. Smith’s Elements of Soil Mechanics, 8th Edition, Blackwell Publishing.
Swedge v.6.0 Tutorial Manual.
Slide2D limit equilibrium slope stability for soil and rock slopesUsers Guide Part 1 1989 - 2003 Rocscience Inc.Table of ContentsiTable of ContentsIntroduction 1Slope Stability Analysis. 1 Groundwater Analysis. 2 Probabilistic Analysis. 2 SLIDE Documentation. 3 Tutorials. 3 Additional Tutorials.
4 Reference. 5 Verification. 5 PDF Files. 5Quick Start Tutorial7Model. 8 Limits. 8 Project Settings. 9 Entering Boundaries.
10 Slip Surfaces. 12 Auto Grid.
12 Slope Limits. 14 Surface Options. 17 Properties. 18 Analysis Methods.
19 Compute. 20 Interpret. 21 Global Minimum Slip Surfaces. 22 Viewing Minimum Surfaces. 24 Viewing All Surfaces.
25 Filter Surfaces. 26 Data Tips. 27 Info Viewer. 29 Drawing Tools. 30iiTable of ContentsEditing Drawing Tools. 32 Saving Drawing Tools. 33 Exporting Images.
34 Export Image. 34 Copy to Clipboard. 34 Black and White Images (Grayscale). 34Materials & Loading Tutorial37Model. 38 Limits.
38 Project Settings. 39 Entering Boundaries. 40 Add Material Boundaries.
40 Add Water Table. 42 Add Distributed Load.
44 Note about Load Magnitude Units. 45 Slip Surfaces. 45 Properties. 47 Assigning Properties.
49 Compute. 50 Interpret. 51 What is a Query?. 53 Add Query.
54 Graph Query. 55 More Query Shortcuts. 56 Customizing a Graph. 57 Show Slices. 58 Query Slice Data. 59 Deleting Queries.
62 Graph SF along Slope. 62 Additional Exercises. 64 Other Search Methods. 64 Maximum Data Output Option. 64Table of ContentsiiiNon-Circular Surfaces Tutorial67Model. 68 Surface Options.
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69 Block Search. 70 More About Block Search Objects. 73 Compute.
74 Interpret. 75 Graph Query. 78 Model.
80 Compute. 81 Interpret.
81 Optimize Surfaces. 83 Random Surface Generation. 84Composite Surfaces Tutorial87Model.
88 Surface Options. 89 What is a Composite Surface?. 89 Editing Boundaries. 91 Right Click Shortcuts. 91 Compute. 93 Interpret.
94 Model. 97 Compute. 98 Interpret.
99 Auto Refine Search Method. 100Water Pressure Grid Tutorial105Model. 106 Limits. 106 Project Settings. 107 Add External Boundary. 108 Adding a Water Pressure Grid.
108 Defining Ponded Water. 112ivTable of ContentsAdd Water Table. 113 Slip Surfaces.
115 Properties. 116 Compute. 118 Interpret. 119 Add Query. 123 Graph Pore Pressure. 123 Acknowledgements. 125 Additional Exercises.
126 Ponded Water (variation 1). 126 Ponded Water as a No Strength Material. 127Support Tutorial129Model.
130 Limits. 130 Project Settings.
131 Add External Boundary. 132 Slip Surfaces. 132 Properties. 134 Compute. 135 Interpret. 135 Model.
137 Add Support Pattern. 137 Support Properties. 139 Compute.
140 Interpret. 141 Show Support Forces. 148 Overview of Support Implementation in SLIDE. 150 Intersection with Slip Surface. 150 Location of Applied Support Force.
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151 Orientation of Applied Support Force. 151 Magnitude of Applied Support Force.
152 Active vs. Passive Support. 152 Back Analysis of Support Force. 154Table of ContentsvGroundwater Analysis Overview155Introduction. 155 Groundwater Modeling. 156 Project Settings. 157 Groundwater Analysis Mode.
158 Boundaries. 158 Meshing. 159 Boundary Conditions. 159 Hydraulic Properties. 160 Groundwater Compute.
161 Groundwater Interpret. 162Groundwater Tutorial163Model. 164 Project Settings. 164 Boundary Editing.
166 Groundwater Analysis Mode. 167 Meshing. 168 Boundary Conditions. 169 Automatic Creation of Ponded Water. 172 Hydraulic Properties.
173 Compute (groundwater). 174 Interpret (groundwater). 175 Water Table. 176 Flow Vectors. 177 Flow Lines.
178 Iso-Lines. 180 Queries. 181 Data Tips Query. 183 Model. 185 Compute. 185 Interpret. 186 Unsaturated Shear Strength.
192viTable of ContentsMore Groundwater Examples195Groundwater Verification Examples. 195Probabilistic Analysis197Sensitivity Analysis. 199Introduction1IntroductionSLIDE is a 2D slope stability program for evaluating the stability of circular or non-circular failure surfaces in soil or rock slopes. SLIDE is very simple to use, and yet complex models can be created and analyzed quickly and easily.
External loading, groundwater and support can all be modeled in a variety of ways.Slope Stability AnalysisSLIDE analyzes the stability of slip surfaces using vertical slice limit equilibrium methods. Individual slip surfaces can be analyzed, or search methods can be applied to locate the critical slip surface for a given slope. Features include: Critical surface search methods for circular or noncircular slip surfaces Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, GLE / Morgenstern-Price, and other analysis methods. Multiple materials. Anisotropic, non-linear MohrCoulomb materials, and other strength models. Groundwater piezo surfaces, Ru factors, pore pressure grids, or finite element seepage analysis.
Probabilistic slope stability analysis External loading line, distributed or seismic Support soil nails, tiebacks, geotextiles, piles. Back analysis of required support force. View any or all surfaces generated by search.
Detailed analysis results can be plotted for individual slip surfaces And much more2SLIDE Users GuideGroundwater AnalysisA complete finite element, steady state groundwater modeling, analysis and data interpretation program, is built right in to the SLIDE program. The Groundwater Analysis in SLIDE allows the user to easily define and analyze a groundwater problem, using the same model as for the slope stability problem. The boundaries of the problem only need to be defined once, and will be used for both the groundwater analysis and the slope stability analysis. See the groundwater analysis tutorials at the end of this manual, for information.Probabilistic AnalysisSLIDE also has extensive probabilistic analysis capabilities.
In a probabilistic slope stability analysis, the user may assign statistical distributions to input parameters, such as material properties, support properties, loads, water table location, etc. By assigning a statistical distribution to one or more model input parameters, this allows the user to account for the degree of uncertainty in the value of the parameters. This results in a distribution of safety factors, from which a probability of failure (or reliability index) for the slope can be calculated. Probabilistic slope stability analysis should be seen as a complementary approach to traditional deterministic (safety factor) analyses. A great deal of valuable insight can be obtained from a probabilistic slope analysis. Examples of probabilistic analysis using SLIDE, can be found in the SLIDE Users Guide Part 2.Introduction3SLIDE DocumentationThe documentation for the SLIDE program is organized as follows: 1.
Tutorials (Users Guide) 2. Reference (Help system) 3. Verification.TutorialsTutorials are found in the SLIDE Users Guide, the manual you are now reading. The SLIDE Users Guide consists of the following tutorials. The first six tutorials deal with different aspects of slope stability analysis.
The last two tutorials explain how to carry out a groundwater analysis with SLIDE, and how it is integrated with the slope stability analysis. FILES tutorial1.sli DESCRIPTION Quick Start Tutorial a simple tutorial which will get the user familiar with the basic modeling and data interpretation features of SLIDE. Materials / Loading Tutorial introduction to the use of multiple materials and external loads, using a slope model with a weak layer. Non-Circular Surfaces Tutorial a noncircular surface search is performed, using the same model as tutorial 2.tutorial2.sli tutorial3.sli4SLIDE Users Guidetutorial4.sliComposite Surfaces Tutorial a composite circular / non-circular surface search is performed, using a modified version of the tutorial 2 model. Water Pressure Grid Tutorial how to model water pressure using a water pressure grid. Support Tutorial how support can be modeled in SLIDE.
Groundwater Overview an overview of the procedure used to carry out a groundwater analysis with SLIDE. Groundwater Tutorial a simple groundwater analysis, using the same model as tutorial 5. The slope stability analysis is rerun, and results compared with tutorial 5.tutorial5.sli tutorial6.sli (none)tutorial7.sliIt is recommended that the user follow the step-by-step instructions to create the models themselves. If the user wishes to skip the modeling process, the finished product of each tutorial can be found in the EXAMPLES folder in your SLIDE installation folder, in the files indicated.
For information on any SLIDE options which are not covered in the SLIDE tutorials, consult the SLIDE Help system.Additional TutorialsAdditional tutorials, covering Probabilistic slope stability and other topics, can be found in the Users Guide Part 2. This is available as a PDF document, and can be printed if desired.Introduction5ReferenceDetailed reference information on all of the options in the SLIDE program is found in the SLIDE Help system. To access the Help system:Select: Help Help Topicsin either the SLIDE Model or SLIDE Interpret programs. If you wish to have a paper copy of the SLIDE reference information, PDF documents are available, which can be printed. See below for details.VerificationVerification examples are documented in the SLIDE Verification Manual, and the Groundwater Verification Manual.
These are both available as PDF files. See below for details. The verification model files can be found in the Slope Stability Verification and Groundwater Verification subfolders, in the EXAMPLES folder in your SLIDE installation folder.PDF FilesThe SLIDE Tutorial, Advanced Tutorial, Model Reference, Interpret Reference, and Verification documents are all available as PDF (portable document format) files. The PDF documents can be found in the Manuals folder in your SLIDE installation folder. They can also be accessed through the Windows Start menu (Start Programs Rocscience Slide 5.0 Manuals), or while you are running SLIDE, through the SLIDE Help menu.6SLIDE Users GuideThe PDF documents can also be downloaded from our website www.rocscience.com.PDF files are viewed with Adobe Acrobat reader. The PDF documents can be printed, if you wish to have paper copies of the SLIDE Reference or Verification documentation.Quick Start Tutorial7Quick Start Tutorial80, 50130, 500, 3050, 300,0130, 0This quick start tutorial will demonstrate some of the basic features of SLIDE using the simple model shown above, and show how quickly and easily a model can be created and analyzed with SLIDE.
MODEL FEATURES: homogeneous, single material slope no water pressure (dry) circular slip surface search (Grid Search)NOTE: the finished product of this tutorial can be found in the tutorial1.sli data file, which you should find in the EXAMPLES folder in your SLIDE installation folder.8SLIDE Users GuideModelIf you have not already done so, run the SLIDE MODEL program by double-clicking on the SLIDE icon in your installation folder. Or from the Start menu, select Programs Rocscience Slide 5.0 Slide. If the SLIDE application window is not already maximized, maximize it now, so that the full screen is available for viewing the model. Note that when the SLIDE MODEL program is started, a new blank document is already opened, allowing you to begin creating a model immediately.LimitsLets first set the limits of the drawing region, so that we can see the model being created as we enter the geometry.Select: View LimitsEnter the following minimum and maximum x-y coordinates in the View Limits dialog. Select OK.Figure 1-1: View Limits dialog.Quick Start Tutorial9These limits will approximately center the model in the drawing region, when you enter it as described below.Project SettingsAlthough we do not need to set any Project Settings for this tutorial, lets briefly examine the Project Settings dialog.Select: Analysis Project SettingsFigure 1-2: Project Settings dialog.Various important modeling and analysis options are set in the Project Settings dialog, including Failure Direction, Units of Measurement, Analysis Methods and Groundwater Method. We will be using all of the default selections in Project Settings, however, you may enter a Project Title Quick Start Tutorial.
Select OK.10SLIDE Users GuideEntering BoundariesThe first boundary that must be defined for every SLIDE model, is the EXTERNAL BOUNDARY.An EXTERNAL BOUNDARY must be defined for every SLIDE model.The External Boundary in SLIDE is a closed polyline encompassing the soil region you wish to analyze. In general: The upper segments of the External Boundary represent the slope surface you are analyzing.
Slide 5.0 is the most comprehensive slope stability analysis software available, complete with sensitivity, probabilistic and back analysis capabilities. This 2-D program combines an attractive, easy to use CAD based graphical interface with a wide range of modeling and data interpretation options that enable you to perform analyses more thoroughly, more quickly.
Using Slide 5.0, you may determine the probability of failure and reliability index for either the deterministic failure surface with the smallest factor of safety, or for the entire slope. Sensitivity capabilities allow you to easily determine the effect of any parameter on the factor of safety. Determine which parameter has the most effect and optimize your slope remediation based on this knowledge. Slide 5.0 is the only slope stability software to include built-in steady-state unsaturated groundwater analysis capabilities using the finite-element method.
Calculate pore-pressures, heads, discharge using geometry from your slope stability analysis. Meshing is all automatic and done at the click of a button. Pore pressures are seamlessly integrated into your slope stability analysis. Slide 5.0 easily models complex slope geometry. Draw the interface as you would in any CAD or drawing program or import a scanned image of your slope and digitize over it.
Man-made and natural slopes with complex layering, soil lenses, and inclusions are easily modeled. Earth dams with complex core and shell geometries are also easily modeled. The simple to use editing tools provide a convenient method for performing parametric studies.
The graphical data interpreter provides a rich set of tools for the convenient display of model results. With Slide 5.0, you can very quickly and easily create a model, perform a stability analysis, and interpret the results.
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